❓FAQ

Why Did We Build a Fixed-Income Protocol?

We developed a fixed-income protocol to facilitate peer-to-peer, fixed-rate, and fixed-term lending and borrowing in decentralized finance (DeFi). Fixed-income products enable institutions and individuals to predict future cash flows and make investments according to their risk appetite. However, such products are currently absent in DeFi. By building the Term Structure Protocol, we empower users to manage their finances more effectively. Moreover, once fundamental fixed-income products are established, they pave the way for developing more advanced financial products including forwards, futures, and options. These tools can be used for purposes such as hedging, valuation, and pricing.

In traditional finance (TradFi), the term structure for USD interest rates is enabled through the issuance and trading of Treasury bonds in the US government bond market. Investor activities, market expectations, and risk evaluations collectively shape both the pricing and yields for different bond maturities to create that term structure. These interest rates for various bond maturities, often referred to as risk-free rates, serve as a fundamental benchmark. They are commonly used as the foundation for a range of financial calculations, such as discounting future cash flows, pricing financial instruments, and evaluating the relative value of different investment opportunities.

Similarly, such fixed interest rate markets must exist to create the term structure of interest rates in DeFi. They must comprise Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending, tToken, Repurchase (Repo) Markets, and subsequently derivatives markets so that risks can be efficiently hedged and transferred among participants. In particular, Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending and tToken Markets are symbiotic building blocks: issuers raise capital in Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending, and investors can trade in tToken Markets to enhance liquidity. At Term Structure, we aim to build this missing piece of the DeFi puzzle, with an initial focus on developing Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending via auctions and tToken Markets via orderbooks. Once the fixed-income token pool and trading volume reach a certain level, Repo markets will be introduced in the next stage.

Why Do We Use Peer-to-Peer Instead of Peer-to-Pool?

We use a peer-to-peer mechanism - instead of peer-to-pool - because this enables users to trade with one another at their preferred price without intermediaries. The automated market maker (AMM) pricing algorithm often yields take-it-or-leave-it prices determined by the immediate liquidity in a particular protocol pool and overlooks broader market supply and demand dynamics.

On a fixed-rate borrowing and lending platform like ours, a peer-to-peer model offers greater capital efficiency because unused funds do not remain idle in a pool with a low utilization rate. The advantages of the peer-to-peer model become especially clear when the peer-to-pool model has a very low loan-to-deposit ratio whereby the interest rates shared among the pool of lenders can approach zero, and the deposited funds become idle as a result. In cases where the loan-to-deposit ratio is close to 1, lenders might be unable to withdraw their funds because most of their funds are being utilized. By contrast, lenders who use a peer-to-peer platform avoid this problem because both borrowers and lenders set their preferred interest rates and wait for their orders to be matched.

Below is a comparison between Term Structure and AMM-based counterparts

Feature	Term Structure	AMM-based Counterparts
Pricing	Orderbook	AMM
tToken Markets	✅	❌
Repo Markets	✅	❌
Composability	✅	✅
Gas Fees	Zero*	Per Action

Users only need to pay gas fees for deposits and withdrawals on Term Structure

Why Do We Use an Off-Chain Scaling Solution?

As users frequently perform various activities on the protocol, gas fees must be contained to the greatest extent possible. That said, an off-chain service provides the best user experience by improving transaction efficiency and minimizing gas fees.

The core engine of Term Structure must be efficient and flexible to support a comprehensive fixed-income protocol, consisting of Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending via auctions and then tToken and Repurchase Markets via orderbooks. Across these three markets, there are many trading actions, including making deposits, transferring funds, withdrawing, placing orders, matching orders, canceling orders, etc. If the protocol were built directly on Ethereum, this would result in exorbitant user gas fees every time they execute any of the above actions. Therefore, this protocol needs a scaling solution to process transactions off-chain before sending them on-chain for the smart contract to verify their validity.

Why Do We Use a ZK-rollup As the Scaling Solution?

We use a ZK-rollup solution because it increases transaction throughput and lowers gas fees. Unlike other scaling solutions, such as sidechains, plasma, and optimistic rollups, ZK-rollups stand out by instantly compressing and submitting transaction data to the underlying blockchain to ensure the validity of transactions and achieve privacy.

Ethereum has faced challenges with low transaction throughput and high fees. As a result, this has led to the development of diverse scaling solutions. Although each of the solutions has its advantages, there are significant drawbacks that make them undesirable for financial transactions. For instance, sidechains offer quicker transactions but rely heavily on their validators. This can potentially compromise Ethereum’s inherent security and consensus mechanism. Likewise, the plasma solution, while faster than some sidechains, raises concerns about data withholding by operators. Considering these factors, it becomes clear that these solutions are not suitable for financial transactions that demand a high level of security and instant settlement time.

After eliminating the above-mentioned scaling mechanisms, only two remain: optimistic rollups and ZK-rollups. Unlike an optimistic rollup, which uses fraud proofs and has a long challenging period, ZK-rollups apply validity proofs to prove and verify transactions instantly without exposing any sensitive data. Once the proof is verified, all transactions are accepted. This clearly demonstrates the unique advantage of using ZK-rollups, and we have adopted this scaling solution precisely for this reason.

Why Did We Develop zkTrue-up, a Customized ZK-Rollup?

This protocol uses a customized ZK-rollup for a couple of reasons.

Abundance of Liquidity

zkTrue-up allows Term Structure to operate as a decentralized application (Dapp) on the Ethereum mainnet. This enables users to deposit tokens directly from Ethereum to leverage its high liquidity across major blockchains. This seamless process facilitates order placement in both Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending and tToken Markets on Term Structure.

Minimum Gas Fees Required

With zkTrue-up, users do not need to pay L1 gas fees or even other L2 fees when they place or cancel orders.

Leverage of Dapps Ecosystem

zkTrue-up is on the Ethereum mainnet. When users withdraw their assets from Term Structure, they can directly interact with other Dapps on L1. This will broaden the use cases of Term Strcuctre’s tsbTokens in the Ethereum ecosystem.

Since zkTrue-up is on Ethereum and rolls up all the transaction data to L1, bots can automatically liquidate users' loan positions if the collateral value falls below the liquidation threshold. Moreover, compatibility is also ensured by enabling users to transfer their loan positions from Term Structure to AAVE when they wish to convert their loans into those without a maturity date.

Certainty of Development Timeline

The Term Structure team was built in Q2 2023. The customized ZK Rollup solution for Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending and tToken Markets involves intricate design. As the team expands its product offerings following the roadmap, additional enhancements are required. This customized solution allows us to determine our development schedule independently without relying on third-party applications.

The Flexibility of Business Requirements

Having a customized zkTrue-up allows Term Structure to make decisions according to our business requirements. For example, we can decide our roll-up frequency and timing within a day according to our business growth and cyclic price movement of gas fees. We have also built the Forced Withdrawal and Evacuation functions to uphold our commitment to being a responsible DeFi protocol. Many L2s have not implemented this feature.

Why Do We Use an Auction Mechanism?

We use auctions on the Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending page because competitive bidding is the most transparent and effective way to define fair market price. The auction mechanism has been proven to be sustainable and resilient, as demonstrated by the US Treasury, which has been using the auction mechanism to successfully raise funds and manage debt. The yields for different maturity dates resulting from these auctions have also become the foundation of all financial products in TradFi. Therefore, rather than relying on formulaic interest rates from an AMM, we have adopted the auction mechanism that allows borrowers and lenders to deal at their preferred interest rates for specific maturities.

Moreover, the auction mechanism serves as an effective means to maintain market momentum, especially during periods of market fluctuation. The bidding window provides participants with the opportunity to carefully monitor price changes in tToken Markets before placing orders.

Why Do We Use a Central Limit Orderbook Mechanism?

A central limit orderbook (CLOB) is effective for trading in financial markets because it can accurately reflect the overall market supply and demand. This stands as a stark contrast to relying on an AMM pool in a protocol. With this mechanism, users can place orders at the prices they desire and trade at those levels if matched in tToken Markets. They can also select between limit and market orders based on their trading strategies.

What Fees Do I Pay?

The protocol will collect transaction fees only on matched orders in the respective Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending, tToken, and Repo Markets. The protocol will also collect a USD 1 withdrawal fee upon each withdrawal request.

Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending (Per Order)

	Fee	Minimum Transaction Fee
Borrower	10% of the matched interest	ETH 0.009 equivalent
Lender	0.1% per annum rate of the lending amount	ETH 0.0007 equivalent

tToken Markets (Per Order)

	Fee	Minimum Transaction Fee
Market Maker	0.1% per annum rate on the notional value of tTokens	ETH 0.0007 equivalent
Market Taker	0.3% per annum rate on the notional value of tTokens	ETH 0.0014 equivalent

How Do I Become a Term Structure User?

Users should first connect their wallets and deposit before they can start trading. After they deposit funds into their Term Structure accounts, they can place orders in Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending to borrow or lend mainstream tokens and stablecoins with their preferred interest rates, collateral, and maturity dates. Alternatively, users can also buy and sell Term Structure's fixed-income tokens in the tToken Markets. They can do this to earn a fixed income or to trade these tokens for hedging and risk-taking purposes against Fixed-Rate Borrowing/Lending and other DeFi protocols.

What is the Protocol’s Liquidation Mechanism?

The liquidation threshold is the maximum acceptable LTV ratio for a loan during its lifetime. If the LTV ratio of a loan reaches this threshold, the liquidation process can be triggered by liquidators. The liquidation threshold varies depending on the collateral and borrowed tokens used in the loan. The liquidation can be either full liquidation or half liquidation, depending on the value of the collateral. Full liquidation applies when the collateral value is no more than USD 10,000, while half liquidation applies in all other cases. Please note that if borrowers fail to repay their loans before 00:00 UTC+0 on the maturity date, full liquidation will apply. The liquidation process is fully on-chain, decentralized, and open to any liquidator to maintain the stability of the system. There are incentives for liquidators and penalties for borrowers. For more information, please refer to our docs at Liquidation Mechanism - Term Structure Docs.